Concept Check -- Summary -- Keywords -- Multiple-Choice Questions -- Review Questions -- Answers -- Multiple-Choice Questions -- 5. Fundamentals of Speech Processing -- Learning Objectives -- 5.1 LTI and LTV Models for Speech Production -- 5.1.1 LTI Model for Speech -- 5.1.2 Nature of Speech Signal -- 5.1.3 LTV Model -- Concept Check -- 5.2 Voiced and Unvoiced Decision-Making -- Analysis of the MATLAB Program Output -- Concept Check -- 5.3 Audio File Formats-Nature of .wav File -- Concept Check -- 5.4 Extraction of Fundamental Frequency -- 5.4.1 Fundamental Frequency or Pitch Frequency -- 5.4.1.1 Autocorrelation Method for Finding Pitch Period of a Voiced Speech Segment -- 5.4.1.2 AMDF Method for Finding Pitch Period of a Voiced Speech Segment -- 5.4.2 Pitch Contour -- 5.4.3 Pitch Period Measurement in Spectral Domain -- 5.4.3.1 Spectral Autocorrelation Method for Pitch Measurement -- 5.4.4 Cepstral Domain -- 5.4.5 Pitch Period Measurement Using Cepstral Domain -- 5.4.5.1 Interpretation of the Result -- 5.4.5.2 Interpretation of the Result -- Concept Check -- 5.5 Formants and Relation of Formants with LPC -- 5.5.1 Practical Considerations -- Concept Check -- 5.6 Evaluation of Formants -- 5.6.1 Evaluation of Formants Using Cepstrum -- 5.6.1.1 Evaluation of Formants for Voiced Speech Segment -- 5.6.1.2 Evaluation of Formants for Unvoiced Segment -- 5.6.2 Evaluation of Formants Using the Log Spectrum -- 5.6.2.1 Evaluation of Formants for Voiced Speech Segment -- 5.6.2.2 Evaluation of Formants for Unvoiced Segment -- Concept Check -- 5.7 Evaluation of MFCC -- 5.7.1 Homomorphic Processing -- 5.7.2 The Auditory System as a Filter Bank -- 5.7.3 Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefcfiients -- Concept Check -- 5.8 Evaluation of LPC -- 5.8.1 Forward Linear Prediction -- 5.8.2 Autocorrelation Method -- Concept Check -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Multiple-Choice Questions